Brave New Europe
In the international media we read repeatedly of the supposed “Spanish miracle”. The Spanish economy has been growing again for several years now, and it is growing significantly faster than other euro-zone economies.
International financial institutions and the European Commission are trying to disseminate the message that fiscal austerity and labour market flexibility have proved successful in Spain. But that message is untrue, and it ignores some of the following fundamentals.
Firstly, the fiscal and wage cuts imposed by Brussels prolonged the economic crisis needlessly by reinforcing its depressive effect. It was precisely these cuts – as of 2010 – that determined the second phase of the crisis. The insistence, by the government of prime minister Mariano Rajoy, on policies between 2012 and 2014 that reduced the level of domestic demand, meant that Spain lost a decade of growth: it has taken ten years for the country to reach the level of GDP per capita it had before the crisis, and it has only recovered half of the jobs that were destroyed during that period.
Moreover, wage cuts and fiscal austerity have not only failed to drive the recovery, they have also deepened other problems. They have increased social inequality, eroded key public services and delayed public investment, including in research and development.
Secondly, the factors that explain the economic growth of recent years should be analysed carefully. Indeed, the Spanish economy is growing at 3% in annual terms, approximately one point above the euro-zone average. But, that is not the result of either wage cuts or fiscal austerity.
The deregulation of the labour market has supposedly boosted recovery in two ways. . According to the analyses of the European Commission and mainstream economists, lowering the cost of severance pay and cutting wages should have translated into greater job creation, boosting private consumption. Furthermore, labour reforms implemented in previous years should have increased Spain´s price-competitiveness and led to a recovery driven by the export sector.
But the reality of the Spanish economy does not confirm either of these two policies. To begin with, labour reforms have not displaced the Okun curve: the relationship between the rate of job creation and economic growth has not changed, so that in periods of economic growth our economy continues to create jobs rapidly – of poor quality – only to destroy them just as rapidly in times of crisis. That is, there is no trade-off between employment and wages.. What has happened in recent years, however, and this is probably the main effect of the labour reform, is that collective bargaining has become rebalanced in favour of companies, and the new jobs created set wages even lower. The duration of contracts has also been greatly reduced and the quality of jobs has deteriorated.
Moreover, the idea that wage devaluation has generated competitiveness gains and an export boom cannot be substantiated. The rate of growth of exports during the period 2010-2017, although significant, is very similar to the one we had in 2000-2007, despite the fact that relative labour costs were increasing at the time. The main reason for this is that the development of exports basically depends on external demand. Wage reductions have hardly translated into a reduction in relative export prices. This reduction in wages has been squandered and simply gone to increasing the profits of exporting companies.
Other factors explain the recent rapid growth of the Spanish economy. In its Annual Report for 2017, the Bank of Spain attributes much of the faster growth in 2015-16 to the European Central Bank’s (ECB’s) monetary policy and the sharp fall in oil prices. Both factors are beyond the reach of government policy. According to the Bank of Spain these factors explain about half of the additional growth experienced by the Spanish economy during the actual recovery (Figure 1).
Figure 1: GDP in Spain and in the Euro area (Annual rates of change)
Source: Bank of Spain, Annual Report 2016, pp: 48.
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